First Ionisation Energy The ionisation energy (IE) of an element is the amount of energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of atoms of an element in the gaseous state to form o...
Atomic & Ionic Radius Atomic radius The atomic radius of an element is a measure of the size of an atom It is the distance between the nucleus of an atom and the outermost electron shell It can...
Structure of the Periodic Table The periodic table is a list of all known elements arranged in order of increasing atomic number, from 1 to 118. In addition to this, the elements are arranged in su...
Electron Energy Levels Shells The arrangement of electrons in an atom is called the electronic configuration Electrons are arranged around the nucleus in principal energy levels or principal quantu...
Emission Spectra Electrons move rapidly around the nucleus in energy shells If their energy is increased, then they can jump to a higher energy level The process is reversible, so electrons can ret...
The Electromagnetic Spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum is a range of frequencies that covers all electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and energy It is divided into bands or...
Relative Atomic Mass Calculations Isotopes are different atoms of the same element that contain the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons These are atoms of the sa...
Atoms: Key Terms The atomic number (or proton number) is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom and has the symbol Z The atomic number is also equal to the number of electrons that are pre...
Mass & Charge Distribution The mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus, because the nucleus contains the heaviest subatomic particles (the neutrons and protons) The mass of the electron ...
