Hydrogenation of Alkenes Alkenes are very useful compounds as they can undergo many types of reactions They can therefore be used as starting molecules when making new compounds The reaction betwee...
Reactivity of Alkenes Alkenes are hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon double bond The atoms around the carbon-carbon double bond adopt a planar arrangement and the bond angle is 120o The bondin...
Halogenation of Alkanes Free-radical substitution of alkanes Alkanes can undergo free-radical substitution in which a hydrogen atom gets substituted by a halogen (chlorine/bromine) Since alkanes a...
Unreactive Alkanes Strength of C-H bonds Alkanes consist of carbon and hydrogen atoms which are bonded together by single bonds Unless a lot of heat is supplied, it is difficult to break these stro...
Benzene Kekulé structure for benzene Kekulé suggested that benzene was a hexagon with three double bonds It was therefore equivalent to three ethene molecules Problems with Kekulé’s structure for b...
Primary, Secondary & Tertiary Atoms Alcohols and halogenoalkanes Primary alcohols and halogenoalkanes are those in which the carbon atom bonded to the functional group is attached to one other...
3-D Modelling Representing 3-D molecules on a 2D surface is not easy and the best way to understand 3-D structures is to use modelling kits or 3-D modelling software, such as ACD Labs ChemSketch Fo...
Organic Nitrogen Compounds Amines There are three organic nitrogen families that you need to know: amines, amides and nitriles Amine is the name given to compounds containing the functional group a...
Carboxylic Acids & Esters Carboxylic acids Carboxylic acids is the name given to compounds containing the functional group carboxyl, -COOH The general formula of a carboxylic acid is CnH2n+1COO...
