The Ionic Product of Water pH of water An equilibrium exists in water where few water molecules dissociate into proton and hydroxide ions H2O(l) ⇌ H+(aq) + OH-(aq) The equilibrium constant for this...
Interpreting pH The pH scale is a numerical scale that shows how acidic or alkaline a solution is The values on the pH scale go from 0-14 (extremely acidic substances have values of below 0) All ac...
pH & [H⁺] The acidity of an aqueous solution depends on the number of H+ (H3O+) ions in solution The pH is defined as: where [H+] is the concentration of H+ in mol dm–3 The pH scale is a logari...
Acid-Base Titrations The steps involved in performing a titration and titration calculation are outlined in Topic 1.2.9 Titrations Acid-base titrations follow the same steps and are used to find th...
Neutralization A neutralisation reaction is one in which an acid (pH <7) and a base/alkali (pH >7) react together to form water (pH = 7) and a salt The proton of the acid reacts with the hydr...
Characteristic Reactions of Acids Metals and acids The typical reaction of a metal and an acid can be summarized as acid + metal → salt + hydrogen For example: 2HCl (aq) + Zn (s) → ...
Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs A Brønsted-Lowry acid is a species that can donate a proton A Brønsted-Lowry base is a species that can accept a proton In a reaction equilibrium the products are formed a...
Brønsted–Lowry Acids & Bases The Brønsted-Lowry Theory defines acids and bases in terms of proton transfer between chemical compounds A Brønsted-Lowry acid is a species that gives away a proton...
Catalysts & Equilibrium Changes in concentration If all other conditions stay the same, the equilibrium constant Kc is not affected by any changes in concentration of the reactants or products ...
