Shapes & Bond Angles in Organic Molecules Each carbon atom has four electrons in its outer shell (electronic configuration: 1s22s22p2) Carbon atoms share these four electrons in four cov...
Edexcel IGCSE Maths复习笔记 1.10.1 Rounding & Estimation Why use estimation? We estimate to find approximations for difficult sums Or to check our answers are about the right size (right order ...
Reactivity of Halogenoalkanes The halogenoalkanes have different rates of substitution reactions Since substitution reactions involve breaking the carbon-halogen bond the bond energies can b...
Fractional Distillation Crude oil is currently the world's main source of organic chemicals As a mixture, it isn’t a very useful substance, but the different hydrocarbons that make up the mixture, ...
Organic Definitions & Terminology Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds Carbon forms a vast number of compounds because it can form strong covalent bonds with itself This enabl...
Group 7: Physical Properties The group 7 elements are called halogens The halogens have uses in water purification and as bleaching agents (chlorine), as flame-retardants and fire extinguish...
Group 2: Trends Chemical trends All elements in Group 2 (also called alkali earth metals) have two electrons in their outermost principal quantum shell All Group 2 metals can form ionic compounds i...
The Periodic Table: Structure & Classification The periodic table is a list of all known elements arranged in order of increasing atomic number, from 1 to 118. In addition to this, the elements...
Oxidation & Reduction There are three definitions of oxidation and reduction used in different branches of chemistry Oxidation and reduction can be used to describe any of the following proces...
