Enthalpy Level Diagrams The total chemical energy inside a substance is called the enthalpy (or heat content) When chemical reactions take place, changes in chemical energy take place and th...
Enthalpy Change Definitions To be able to compare the changes in enthalpy between reactions, all thermodynamic measurements are carried out under standard conditions These standard condition...
Yield & Atom Economy Percentage yield In a lot of reactions, not all reactants react to form products which can be due to several factors: Other reactions take place simultaneously The r...
Error & Uncertainty An error is the difference between a value or quantity obtained in an experiment and an accepted or literature value for an experiment There are two types of errors i...
Titration Calculations Volumetric Analysis Volumetric analysis is a process that uses the volume and concentration of one chemical reactant (standard solution) to determine the concentration...
Reacting Volume Calculations Reacting volume calculations are commonly associated with the reactions of gases All gases occupy the same volume under the same conditions At room temperature a...
Amount of Substance Calculations As previously discussed, the amount of substance can be defined as the number of particles in a substance, n, measured in moles (often abbreviated to mol) In...
The Mole & Avogadro The Avogadro constant (NA or L) is the number of particles equivalent to the relative atomic mass or molecular mass of a substance The Avogadro constant applies to at...
Relating Observations to Chemical Equations Chemical equations give information about the reaction that is taking place Balanced equations show the number of particles participating in the r...
