Relative Rates of Hydrolysis Measuring the rate of hydrolysis Acidified aqueous silver nitrate can be used to measure the rate of hydrolysis of halogenoalkanes The following method is used: ...
Nucleophilic Substitution: Mechanisms A nucleophilic substitution reaction is one in which a nucleophile attacks a carbon atom which carries a partial positive charge An atom that has a part...
Nucleophilic Substitution: Reactions A nucleophile is an electron-rich species that can donate a pair of electrons ‘Nucleophile’ means ‘nucleus / positive charge loving’ as nucleophiles are ...
Classifying Halogenoalkanes Naming halogenoalkanes We use the prefixes Fluoro for fluorine Chloro for chlroine Bromo for bromine Iodo for iodine The name of the halogenoalkane is based on th...
Disposal of Polymers Polymers provide a readily available, cheap alternative to many metal, glass, paper and cardboard materials in everyday use The low reactivity of many polymers makes the...
Addition Polymerisation Addition polymerisation Addition polymerisation is one of the most important addition reactions of alkenes which form the basis of the plastics industry Addition poly...
Saturation Test Halogens can be used to test if a molecule is unsaturated (i.e. contains a double bond) Br2(aq) is an orange or yellow solution, called bromine water and this is the halogen ...
Electrophilic Addition Mechanism Electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides Hydrogen halides such as hydrogen bromide (HBr) are polar as the hydrogen and halogen atoms have different electro...
Electrophilic Addition The double bond in alkenes is an area of high electron density (there are four electrons found in this double bond) This makes the double bond susceptible to attack by...
